修改以下摘要,注意必须保证摘要字数在800字以上:土壤有机碳水平低、当季氮肥损失量大是黄河故道区中低产田耕地质量提升进程中亟需解决的问题,但其针对性改良策略仍需进一步明确。为此,本研究首先运用meta分析手段,解析自然因子、土壤理化指标和氮肥施用对当季肥料氮素总损失的影响,明确氮肥损失的主要影响因素及其与土壤有机碳(SOC)的关系;进而针对黄河故道区典型中低产田,采用田间试验的方法,探究免耕、生物炭施用和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)施用对SOC、土壤团聚体、土壤速效养分含量及作物产量的影响,解析改良措施下土壤肥力的提升效应,探究实现SOC快速提升的有效措施;最后利用15N原位示踪手段,定量各改良措施对当季氮肥去向和总损失的影响,解析改良措施下当季氮肥损失的消减成效,探讨协同实现SOC提升和氮肥损失消减的最佳方案。本研究主要结果如下: (1)通过meta分析对全球尺度结果进行整合发现,中国农田SOC含量显著低于欧美国家(10.59 g/kg vs. 17.99 g/kg),但当季氮肥总损失却显著高于欧美国家;在自然因子和土壤理化指标对作物当季氮肥损失比例的影响方面,小麦季主要受年均降水量(MAP)和土壤pH影响,水稻季主要受pH和SOC含量影响,玉米季主要受SOC和降雨量影响;随施氮量增加,土壤氮肥总损失显著提升;在优化氮肥施用量的同时提升SOC水平,可在保证作物产量前提下,实现氮肥损失降低25.61 ~ 64.49 kg N/ha/季。 (2)田间试验结果表明,在黄河故道区典型中低产田,相比常规管理,施用生物炭、采取免耕措施分别提升SOC含量6.7%30.2%和13.7%21.7%(P <0.05);施用生物炭和PAM可显著提升土壤团聚体中的大团聚体含量,增加比例分别为0.9%13.9%和1.8%14.5%(P <0.05);施用生物炭可显著提升团聚体平均重量直径4.3%18.0%(P <0.05)。在施用生物炭和PAM基础上实行免耕,两年间SOC含量显著提升4.20 g/kg,为各处理中最高,且相对常规处理作物产量提升6.3%12.9%,因此,生物炭+PAM+免耕可作为提升粮食产量和土壤肥力的综合优化措施。 (3)通过15N原位示踪发现,旋耕条件下进行生物炭和PAM配施虽可显著提升SOC含量22.1%、降低小麦季氮肥总损失9.1%,但会导致玉米季肥料氮损失增加10.2%;而免耕结合生物炭和PAM施用下两季作物的肥料氮损失显著降低11.3%~12.8%,且增加土壤TN4.9%、速效磷43.54%以及土壤速效钾含量20.1%。因此,SOC含量提升虽可增加养分保蓄能力,但在改良措施遴选中,还应考虑物料与耕作措施的交互作用对当季氮肥损失的影响。免耕结合生物炭和PAM施用可作为黄河故道区SOC提升和氮肥损失消减的可行方案。

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To improve the quality of low-yielding farmland in the Yellow River old channel area, it is important to address the issues of low soil organic carbon (SOC) levels and high nitrogen fertilizer loss during the growing season. This study used meta-analysis to identify the main factors affecting nitrogen loss and their relationship with SOC, and conducted field experiments to investigate the effects of no-till, biochar application, and polyacrylamide (PAM) application on SOC, soil aggregates, nutrient availability, and crop yields. The results showed that optimizing nitrogen fertilizer application while increasing SOC levels can reduce nitrogen loss by 25.61-64.49 kg N/ha/season while maintaining crop yields. Biochar and no-till practices were effective in increasing SOC levels, soil aggregate stability, and crop yields, and combining these practices with PAM application further improved the efficacy. However, the interaction between management practices and materials should be considered when selecting improvement strategies. From the results, it can be concluded that no-till in combination with biochar and PAM application could be integrated as a feasible solution to enhance SOC and reduce nitrogen loss in the Yellow River old channel area.
出版日期: 1 年前